Analysis Options Inputs
The following inputs describe the options available in the analysis_options
file. This example is from the 03_blade
case in the examples
directory.
general:
folder_output: outputs_aerostruct
fname_output: blade_out
design_variables:
rotor_diameter:
flag: True
minimum: 190
maximum: 240
blade:
aero_shape:
twist:
flag: True # Flag to optimize the twist
inverse: False # Flag to determine twist from the user-defined desired margin to stall (defined in constraints)
n_opt: 4 # Number of control points along blade span
max_decrease: 0.08722222222222221 # Maximum decrease for the twist in [rad] at the n_opt locations
max_increase: 0.08722222222222221 # Maximum increase for the twist in [rad] at the n_opt locations
index_start: 2 # Lock the first two DVs from blade root
index_end: 4 # All DVs close to blade tip are active
chord:
flag: True # Flag to optimize the chord
n_opt: 4 # Number of control points along blade span
max_decrease: 0.3 # Minimum multiplicative gain on existing chord at the n_opt locations
max_increase: 3. # Maximum multiplicative gain on existing chord at the n_opt locations
index_start: 2 # Lock the first two DVs from blade root
index_end: 4 # All DVs close to blade tip are active
structure:
spar_cap_ss:
flag: True # Flag to optimize the spar cap thickness on the suction side
n_opt: 4 # Number of control points along blade span
max_decrease: 0.7 # Maximum nondimensional decrease at the n_opt locations
max_increase: 1.3 # Maximum nondimensional increase at the n_opt locations
index_start: 1 # Lock the first DV from blade root
index_end: 3 # The last DV at blade tip is locked
spar_cap_ps:
flag: True # Flag to optimize the spar cap thickness on the pressure side
equal_to_suction: True # Flag to impose the spar cap thickness on pressure and suction sides equal
n_opt: 4 # Number of control points along blade span
max_decrease: 0.7 # Maximum nondimensional decrease at the n_opt locations
max_increase: 1.3 # Maximum nondimensional increase at the n_opt locations
index_start: 1 # Lock the first DV from blade root
index_end: 3 # The last DV at blade tip is locked
te_ss:
flag: False # Flag to optimize the spar cap thickness on the suction side
n_opt: 4 # Number of control points along blade span
max_decrease: 0.7 # Maximum nondimensional decrease at the n_opt locations
max_increase: 1.3 # Maximum nondimensional increase at the n_opt locations
index_start: 1 # Lock the first DV from blade root
index_end: 3 # The last DV at blade tip is locked
te_ps:
flag: False # Flag to optimize the spar cap thickness on the pressure side
n_opt: 4 # Number of control points along blade span
max_decrease: 0.7 # Maximum nondimensional decrease at the n_opt locations
max_increase: 1.3 # Maximum nondimensional increase at the n_opt locations
index_start: 1 # Lock the first DV from blade root
index_end: 3 # The last DV at blade tip is locked
merit_figure: LCOE
constraints:
blade:
strains_spar_cap_ss:
flag: True # Flag to impose constraints on maximum strains (absolute value) in the spar cap on the blade suction side
max: 3500.e-6 # Value of maximum strains [-]
index_start: 1 # Do not enforce constraint at the first station from blade root of the n_opt from spar_cap_ss
index_end: 3 # Do not enforce constraint at the last station at blade tip of the n_opt from spar_cap_ss
strains_spar_cap_ps:
flag: True # Flag to impose constraints on maximum strains (absolute value) in the spar cap on the blade pressure side
max: 3500.e-6 # Value of maximum strains [-]
index_start: 1 # Do not enforce constraint at the first station from blade root of the n_opt from spar_cap_ps
index_end: 3 # Do not enforce constraint at the last station at blade tip of the n_opt from spar_cap_ps
strains_te_ss:
flag: False # Flag to impose constraints on maximum strains (absolute value) in the spar cap on the blade suction side
max: 3500.e-6 # Value of maximum strains [-]
index_start: 1 # Do not enforce constraint at the first station from blade root of the n_opt from spar_cap_ss
index_end: 3 # Do not enforce constraint at the last station at blade tip of the n_opt from spar_cap_ss
strains_te_ps:
flag: False # Flag to impose constraints on maximum strains (absolute value) in the spar cap on the blade pressure side
max: 3500.e-6 # Value of maximum strains [-]
index_start: 1 # Do not enforce constraint at the first station from blade root of the n_opt from spar_cap_ps
index_end: 3 # Do not enforce constraint at the last station at blade tip of the n_opt from spar_cap_ps
tip_deflection:
flag: True
margin: 1.4175
stall:
flag: True # Constraint on minimum stall margin
margin: 0.087 # Value of minimum stall margin in [rad]
driver:
optimization:
flag: True # Flag to enable optimization
tol: 1.e-5 # Optimality tolerance
# max_major_iter: 10 # Maximum number of major design iterations (SNOPT)
# max_minor_iter: 100 # Maximum number of minor design iterations (SNOPT)
max_iter: 1 # Maximum number of iterations (SLSQP)
solver: SLSQP # Optimization solver. Other options are 'SLSQP' - 'CONMIN'
step_size: 1.e-3 # Step size for finite differencing
form: forward # Finite differencing mode, either forward or central
recorder:
flag: False # Flag to activate OpenMDAO recorder
file_name: log_opt.sql # Name of OpenMDAO recorder
general
folder_output
StringName of folder to dump output files
Default = output
fname_output
StringFile prefix for output files
Default = output
design_variables
Sets the design variables in a design optimization and analysis
rotor_diameter
Adjust the rotor diameter by changing the blade length (all blade properties constant with respect to non-dimensional span coordinates)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
minimum
: Float, m
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 1000.0
maximum
: Float, m
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 1000.0
blade
Design variables associated with the wind turbine blades
aero_shape
Design variables associated with the blade aerodynamic shape
twist
Blade twist as a design variable by adding or subtracting radians from the initial value at spline control points along the span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
inverse
BooleanWhen set to True, the twist is defined inverting the blade-element momentum equations to achieve a desired margin to stall, which is defined among the constraints.
flag
andinverse
cannot be simultaneously be set to TrueDefault = False
n_opt
IntegerNumber of equally-spaced control points of the spline parametrizing the twist distribution along blade span.
Default = 8
Minimum = 4
lower_bound
Array of Floats, radLowest number of radians that can be added (typically negative to explore smaller twist angles)
Default = [-0.1, -0.1, -0.1, -0.1, -0.1, -0.1, -0.1, -0.1]
upper_bound
Array of Floats, radLargest number of radians that can be added (typically postive to explore greater twist angles)
Default = [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1]
index_start
IntegerInteger setting the first DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized. It is recommended to setindex_start
to 1 to lock the first DV and prevent the optimizer to try to optimize the twist of the blade root cylinder.Default = 0
index_end
IntegerInteger setting the last DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized.Default = 8
chord
Blade chord as a design variable by scaling (multiplying) the initial value at spline control points along the span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
n_opt
IntegerNumber of equally-spaced control points of the spline parametrizing the chord distribution along blade span.
Default = 8
Minimum = 4
max_decrease
FloatMaximum nondimensional decrease of the blade chord at each optimization location
Default = 0.5
max_increase
FloatMaximum nondimensional increase of the blade chord at each optimization location
Default = 1.5
index_start
IntegerInteger setting the first DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized. Settingindex_start
to 1 or 2 locks the blade root diameter.Default = 0
index_end
IntegerInteger setting the last DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized. It is recommended to lock the last point close to blade tip, settingindex_end
ton_opt
minus 1. The last point controls the chord length at blade tip and due to the imperfect tip loss models of CCBlade, it is usually a good idea to taper the chord manually and do not let a numerical optimizer control it.Default = 8
af_positions
Adjust airfoil positions along the blade span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
af_start
IntegerIndex of airfoil where the optimization can start shifting airfoil position. The airfoil at blade tip is always locked. It is advised to keep the airfoils close to blade root locked.
Default = 4
Minimum = 1
structure
Design variables associated with the internal blade structure
spar_cap_ss
Blade suction-side spar cap thickness as a design variable by scaling (multiplying) the initial value at spline control points along the span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
n_opt
IntegerNumber of equally-spaced control points of the spline parametrizing the thickness of the spar cap on the suction side.
Default = 8
Minimum = 4
max_decrease
FloatMaximum nondimensional decrease of the spar cap thickness on the suction-side at each optimization location
Default = 0.5
max_increase
FloatMaximum nondimensional increase of the spar cap thickness on the suction-side at each optimization location
Default = 1.5
index_start
IntegerInteger setting the first DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized. It is recommended to setindex_start
to 1 to lock the first DV and impose a pre- defined taper to small thicknesses and mimic a blade manufacturability constraint.Default = 0
index_end
IntegerInteger setting the last DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized. It is recommended to lock the last point close to blade tip, settingindex_end
ton_opt
minus 1. This imposes a predefined taper to small thicknesses and mimic a blade manufacturability constraint.Default = 8
spar_cap_ps
Blade pressure-side spar cap thickness as a design variable by scaling (multiplying) the initial value at spline control points along the span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
n_opt
IntegerNumber of equally-spaced control points of the spline parametrizing the thickness of the spar cap on the pressure side.
Default = 8
Minimum = 4
max_decrease
FloatMaximum nondimensional decrease of the spar cap thickness on the pressure-side at each optimization location
Default = 0.5
max_increase
FloatMaximum nondimensional increase of the spar cap thickness on the pressure-side at each optimization location
Default = 1.5
index_start
IntegerInteger setting the first DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized. It is recommended to setindex_start
to 1 to lock the first DV and impose a pre- defined taper to small thicknesses and mimic a blade manufacturability constraint.Default = 0
index_end
IntegerInteger setting the last DV of the
n_opt
along span that is optimized. It is recommended to lock the last point close to blade tip, settingindex_end
ton_opt
minus 1. This imposes a predefined taper to small thicknesses and mimic a blade manufacturability constraint.Default = 8
te_ss
Blade suction-side trailing edge reinforcement thickness as a design variable by scaling (multiplying) the initial value at spline control points along the span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
n_opt
IntegerNumber of equally-spaced control points of the spline parametrizing the thickness of the trailing edge reinforcement on the suction side. By default, the first point close to blade root and the last point close to blade tip are locked. This is done to impose a pre-defined taper to small thicknesses and mimic a blade manufacturability constraint.
Default = 8
Minimum = 4
min_gain
FloatLower bound on scalar multiplier that will be applied to value at control points
Default = 0.5
max_gain
FloatUpper bound on scalar multiplier that will be applied to value at control points
Default = 1.5
te_ps
Blade pressure-side trailing edge reinforcement thickness as a design variable by scaling (multiplying) the initial value at spline control points along the span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
n_opt
IntegerNumber of equally-spaced control points of the spline parametrizing the thickness of the trailing edge reinforcement on the pressure side. By default, the first point close to blade root and the last point close to blade tip are locked. This is done to impose a pre-defined taper to small thicknesses and mimic a blade manufacturability constraint.
Default = 8
Minimum = 4
min_gain
FloatLower bound on scalar multiplier that will be applied to value at control points
Default = 0.5
max_gain
FloatUpper bound on scalar multiplier that will be applied to value at control points
Default = 1.5
control
Design variables associated with the control of the wind turbine
tsr
Adjust the tip-speed ratio (ratio between blade tip velocity and steady hub-height wind speed)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
minimum
FloatMinimum allowable value
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 30.0
maximum
FloatMaximum allowable value
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 30.0
hub
Design variables associated with the hub
cone
Adjust the blade attachment coning angle (positive values are always away from the tower whether upwind or downwind)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, radDesign variable bound
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 0.5235987756
upper_bound
Float, radDesign variable bound
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 0.5235987756
hub_diameter
Adjust the rotor hub diameter
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for hub diameter
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for hub diameter
Default = 30.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 30.0
drivetrain
Design variables associated with the drivetrain
uptilt
Adjust the drive shaft tilt angle (positive values tilt away from the tower whether upwind or downwind)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, radDesign variable bound
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 0.5235987756
upper_bound
Float, radDesign variable bound
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 0.5235987756
overhang
Adjust the x-distance, parallel to the ground or still water line, from the tower top center to the rotor apex.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
distance_tt_hub
Adjust the z-dimension height from the tower top to the rotor apex
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
distance_hub_mb
Adjust the distance along the drive staft from the hub flange to the first main bearing
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
distance_mb_mb
Adjust the distance along the drive staft from the first to the second main bearing
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
generator_length
Adjust the distance along the drive staft between the generator rotor drive shaft attachment to the stator bedplate attachment
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
gear_ratio
For geared configurations only, adjust the gear ratio of the gearbox that multiplies the shaft speed and divides the torque
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 1.0 Maximum = 500.0
upper_bound
: Float
Default = 150.0
Minimum = 1.0 Maximum = 1000.0
lss_diameter
Adjust the diameter at the beginning and end of the low speed shaft (assumes a linear taper)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
hss_diameter
Adjust the diameter at the beginning and end of the high speed shaft (assumes a linear taper)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
nose_diameter
For direct-drive configurations only, adjust the diameter at the beginning and end of the nose/turret (assumes a linear taper)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mLowest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
upper_bound
Float, mHighest value allowable for design variable
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 30.0
lss_wall_thickness
Adjust the thickness at the beginning and end of the low speed shaft (assumes a linear taper)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 3.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
hss_wall_thickness
Adjust the thickness at the beginning and end of the high speed shaft (assumes a linear taper)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 3.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
nose_wall_thickness
For direct-drive configurations only, adjust the thickness at the beginning and end of the nose/turret (assumes a linear taper)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 3.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
bedplate_wall_thickness
For direct-drive configurations only, adjust the wall thickness along the elliptical bedplate
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 3.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
bedplate_web_thickness
For geared configurations only, adjust the I-beam web thickness of the bedplate
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 3.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
bedplate_flange_thickness
For geared configurations only, adjust the I-beam flange thickness of the bedplate
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 3.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
bedplate_flange_width
For geared configurations only, adjust the I-beam flange width of the bedplate
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 3.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 1.0
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
tower
Design variables associated with the tower or monopile
outer_diameter
Adjust the outer diamter of the cylindrical column at nodes along the height. Linear tapering is assumed between the nodes, creating conical frustums in each section
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
upper_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
layer_thickness
Adjust the layer thickness of each section in the column
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 0.01
Minimum = 1e-05 Maximum = 1.0
upper_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 0.01
Minimum = 1e-05 Maximum = 1.0
section_height
Adjust the height of each conical section
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
upper_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
monopile
Design variables associated with the tower or monopile
outer_diameter
Adjust the outer diamter of the cylindrical column at nodes along the height. Linear tapering is assumed between the nodes, creating conical frustums in each section
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
upper_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
layer_thickness
Adjust the layer thickness of each section in the column
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 0.01
Minimum = 1e-05 Maximum = 1.0
upper_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 0.01
Minimum = 1e-05 Maximum = 1.0
section_height
Adjust the height of each conical section
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
upper_bound
Float, mDesign variable bound
Default = 5.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 100.0
constraints
Activate the constraints that are applied to a design optimization
blade
Constraints associated with the blade design
strains_spar_cap_ss
Enforce a maximum allowable strain in the suction-side spar caps
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
max
FloatMaximum allowable strain value
Default = 0.004
Minimum = 1e-08 Maximum = 0.1
strains_spar_cap_ps
Enforce a maximum allowable strain in the pressure-side spar caps
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
max
FloatMaximum allowable strain value
Default = 0.004
Minimum = 1e-08 Maximum = 0.1
tip_deflection
Enforce a maximum allowable blade tip deflection towards the tower expressed as a safety factor on the parked margin. Meaning a parked distance to the tower of 30m and a constraint value here of 1.5 would mean that 30/1.5=20m of deflection is the maximum allowable
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
margin
: Float
Default = 1.4175
Minimum = 1.0 Maximum = 10.0
rail_transport
Enforce sufficient blade flexibility such that they can be transported on rail cars without exceeding maximum blade strains or derailment. User can activate either 8-axle flatcars or 4-axle
8_axle
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
4_axle
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
stall
Ensuring blade angles of attacks do not approach the stall point. Margin is expressed in radians from stall.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
margin
: Float, radians
Default = 0.05233
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 0.5
chord
Enforcing max chord length limit at all points along blade span.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
max
: Float, meter
Default = 4.3
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 20.0
root_circle_diameter
Enforcing the minimum blade root circle diameter.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
frequency
Frequency separation constraint between blade fundamental frequency and blade passing (3P) frequency at rated conditions using gamma_freq margin. Can be activated for blade flap and/or edge modes.
flap_3P
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
edge_3P
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
moment_coefficient
(EXPERIMENTAL) Targeted blade moment coefficient (useful for managing root flap loads or inverse design approaches that is not recommendend for general use)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
min
: Float
Default = 0.15
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
max
: Float
Default = 0.15
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 5.0
match_cl_cd
(EXPERIMENTAL) Targeted airfoil cl/cd ratio (useful for inverse design approaches that is not recommendend for general use)
flag_cl
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
flag_cd
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
filename
Stringfile path to constraint data
Default =
match_L_D
(EXPERIMENTAL) Targeted blade moment coefficient (useful for managing root flap loads or inverse design approaches that is not recommendend for general use)
flag_L
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
flag_D
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
filename
Stringfile path to constraint data
Default =
tower
Constraints associated with the tower design
height_constraint
Double-sided constraint to ensure total tower height meets target hub height when adjusting section heights
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.01
Minimum = 1e-06 Maximum = 10.0
upper_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.01
Minimum = 1e-06 Maximum = 10.0
stress
Enforce a maximum allowable von Mises stress relative to the material yield stress with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_m * gamma_n
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
global_buckling
Enforce a global buckling limit using Eurocode checks with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_b
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
shell_buckling
Enforce a shell buckling limit using Eurocode checks with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_b
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
slope
Ensure that the diameter moving up the tower at any node is always equal or less than the diameter of the node preceding it
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
d_to_t
Double-sided constraint to ensure target diameter to thickness ratio for manufacturing and structural objectives
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float
Default = 50.0
Minimum = 1.0 Maximum = 2000.0
upper_bound
: Float
Default = 50.0
Minimum = 1.0 Maximum = 2000.0
taper
Enforcing a max allowable conical frustum taper ratio per section
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float
Default = 0.5
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 1.0
frequency
Frequency separation constraint between all tower modal frequencies and blade period (1P) and passing (3P) frequencies at rated conditions using gamma_freq margin.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
frequency_1
Targeted range for tower first frequency constraint. Since first and second frequencies are generally the same for the tower, this usually governs the second frequency as well (both fore-aft and side-side first frequency)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, Hz
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 1.0
upper_bound
: Float, Hz
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 1.0
monopile
Constraints associated with the monopile design
pile_depth
Ensures that the submerged suction pile depth meets a minimum value
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, m
Default = 0.0
Minimum = 0.0 Maximum = 200.0
stress
Enforce a maximum allowable von Mises stress relative to the material yield stress with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_m * gamma_n
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
global_buckling
Enforce a global buckling limit using Eurocode checks with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_b
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
shell_buckling
Enforce a shell buckling limit using Eurocode checks with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_b
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
slope
Ensure that the diameter moving up the tower at any node is always equal or less than the diameter of the node preceding it
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
d_to_t
Double-sided constraint to ensure target diameter to thickness ratio for manufacturing and structural objectives
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float
Default = 50.0
Minimum = 1.0 Maximum = 2000.0
upper_bound
: Float
Default = 50.0
Minimum = 1.0 Maximum = 2000.0
taper
Enforcing a max allowable conical frustum taper ratio per section
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float
Default = 0.5
Minimum = 0.001 Maximum = 1.0
frequency
Frequency separation constraint between all tower modal frequencies and blade period (1P) and passing (3P) frequencies at rated conditions using gamma_freq margin.
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
frequency_1
Targeted range for tower first frequency constraint. Since first and second frequencies are generally the same for the tower, this usually governs the second frequency as well (both fore-aft and side-side first frequency)
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
: Float, Hz
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 1.0
upper_bound
: Float, Hz
Default = 0.1
Minimum = 0.01 Maximum = 1.0
hub
hub_diameter
Ensure that the diameter of the hub is sufficient to accommodate the number of blades and blade root diameter
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
drivetrain
lss
Enforce a maximum allowable von Mises stress relative to the material yield stress with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_m * gamma_n
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
hss
Enforce a maximum allowable von Mises stress relative to the material yield stress with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_m * gamma_n
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
bedplate
Enforce a maximum allowable von Mises stress relative to the material yield stress with safety factor of gamma_f * gamma_m * gamma_n
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
mb1
Ensure that the angular deflection at this meain bearing does not exceed the maximum allowable deflection for the bearing type
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
mb2
Ensure that the angular deflection at this meain bearing does not exceed the maximum allowable deflection for the bearing type
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
length
Ensure that the bedplate length is sufficient to meet desired overhang value
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
height
Ensure that the bedplate height is sufficient to meet desired nacelle height value
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
access
For direct-drive configurations only, ensure that the inner diameter of the nose/turret is big enough to allow human access
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
lower_bound
Float, meterMinimum size to ensure human maintenance access
Default = 2.0
Minimum = 0.1 Maximum = 5.0
ecc
For direct-drive configurations only, ensure that the elliptical bedplate length is greater than its height
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
merit_figure
String from, [‘LCOE’, ‘AEP’, ‘Cp’, ‘blade_mass’, ‘tower_mass’, ‘tower_cost’, ‘monopile_mass’, ‘monopile_cost’, ‘structural_mass’, ‘structural_cost’, ‘blade_tip_deflection’, ‘My_std’, ‘flp1_std’]Objective function / merit figure for optimization. Choices are LCOE- levelized cost of energy, AEP- turbine annual energy production, Cp- rotor power coefficient, blade_mass, tower_mass, tower_cost, monopile_mass, monopile_cost, structural_mass- tower+monopile mass, structural_cost- tower+monopile cost, blade_tip_deflection- blade tip deflection distance towards tower, My_std- blade flap moment standard deviation, flp1_std- trailing flap standard deviation
Default = LCOE
driver
Specification of the optimization driver (optimization algorithm) parameters
tol
FloatConvergence tolerance (relative)
Default = 1e-06
Minimum = 1e-12 Maximum = 1.0
max_iter
IntegerMax number of optimization iterations
Default = 100
Minimum = 0 Maximum = 100000
max_function_calls
IntegerMax number of calls to objective function evaluation
Default = 100000
Minimum = 0 Maximum = 100000000
solver
String from, [‘SLSQP’, ‘CONMIN’, ‘COBYLA’, ‘SNOPT’]Optimization driver. Can be one of [SLSQP, CONMIN, COBYLA, SNOPT]
Default = SLSQP
step_size
FloatMaximum step size
Default = 0.001
Minimum = 1e-10 Maximum = 100.0
form
String from, [‘central’, ‘forward’, ‘complex’]Finite difference calculation mode
Default = central
recorder
Optimization iteration recording via OpenMDAO
flag
BooleanActivates as a design variable or constraint
Default = False
file_name
StringOpenMDAO recorder output SQL database file
Default = log_opt.sql